Quiz #1 Study Guide (preliminary)

Questions on Quiz #1 will come from topics on this study guide together with material on the Practice Quiz Study Guide .

*** Chap. 1 (pps 13-22), Chap. 6 (pps 142-149), Appendix C (pps 441-442) ***
Station model notation. Cloud cover, temperature, dew point temperature (typical values for Tucson), wind direction and speed, common weather symbols (rain, snow, fog, rain shower, thunderstorm, tropical storm and hurricane), pressure.  Units. After pressure is measured, what important adjustment is made before the pressure is plotted on the surface map? Why is that necessary? Average and typical range of sea-level pressure values.

Surface weather maps. Surface observations are made and a new map is prepared hourly. What time zone or time reference is used? 24-hour clock (what time is it when it is 17:30 in Tucson). Isobars and isotherms. Small horizontal differences in pressure cause the wind to blow. Air motions around high and low pressure centers (northern hemisphere). Strong and weak pressure gradients. Convergence and divergence. Rising and sinking air motions. How do wind motions around highs and low affect the temperature pattern? Cold fronts and warm fronts (where is the warm and cold air, what direction are the fronts moving).

Upper level charts
Ridges (warm air below) and troughs (cold air below). Winds blow parallel to contour lines and from west to east.
How can upper level
convergence or divergence affect surface pressure to increase or decrease?   Is upper level convergence or divergence needed to cause a hurricane to intensify?

Sample questions
Practice Quiz: 2, 10, 11, 14, 19            Quiz #1: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11             Final Exam: 3, 7, 10, 17, 26, 34, 52


*** Chapter 6 (p. 144) ***
Ideal Gas Law. This is a microscopic-scale explanation of air pressure. Two equations P = N k T / V and P = (rho) R T.  N is the number of air molecules in a volume V. T is temperature and  rho is density.  R and k are both constants.  You should be able to determine what will happen to the pressure in a rigid or flexible container (eg. a balloon) if you change the variables in the equation above.  What variables could you change together in such a way that the pressure would stay constant?

Ideal gas law applications.  If you heat or cool a parcel of air in the atmosphere, Charles' law says the density (volume) will change in such a way that the air pressure inside the parcel remains constant (remains the same as the pressure of the air surrounding the parcel).

Upward and downward forces act on air parcels (the strength of one of the forces depends on the air inside the parcel, the other on the air outside the parcel). These two forces are usually in balance. What happens to the balance when you warm or cool a parcel of air?  Basically you should be able to explain why a balloon of hot low density air rises and a balloon of cold high density air sinks.  Archimedes' Law.

Sample questions
Quiz #1: 13, 14, 16            Final Exam: 22, 41


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