Make sure you read and answer all the parts to the first four questions!
Answers for each question may not be weighted equally. Question 5 may be answered for extra credit.
1. “Advection fog” is common along the northern California coast in summer. In this region, the temperature of the ocean surface water near the coast is much colder than the temperature of the ocean surface water farther offshore. The fog forms over the cold water near the coast when westerly surface winds (blowing from west toward east) move (or “advect”) air from well offshore (where the ocean surface water is warm) to a position above the colder water near the coast. This fog is often carried inland by the westerly winds (e.g., San Francisco fog).
(a) Explain why this fog forms. Hint fogs form by condensation … think about what causes condensation to happen.
(b) Over land, this fog often persists through the morning hours, but “burns off” as the afternoon wears on. This occurs because some sunlight is able to penetrate through the fog and warm the ground. Explain how this would act to dissipate the fog (of course, the fog doesn’t actually “burn”). Would you expect the fog to dissipate from the bottom up or from the top down? Explain.
2. Answer the following questions and fill in tables for each part below. Create your own tables (using WORD perhaps) or re-write tables on your own paper. DO NOT print this page and squeeze answers into the tables below. You are going to follow a parcel of air that is forced to rise up a mountain, then back down the other side.
(a) Fill in the table below for an air parcel forced to rise from 0 meters up to the top of a 4,000 m mountain. At what altitude will a cloud start to form? Once a cloud starts to form, what happens to the rate at which air temperature in the parcel changes with increasing altitude? Explain why.
|
Altitude |
Parcel Temperature |
Parcel Dew point Temperature |
|
4,000 m |
|
|
|
3,000 m |
|
|
|
2,000 m |
|
|
|
1,000 m |
|
|
|
0m |
25º C |
5º C |
(b) Bring the parcel back down the other side of the mountain. To begin, copy the values for the parcel temperature and dew point temperature at 4000 m from part (a) into the table below. For this part assume that the cloud of liquid water droplets that formed in the parcel remains inside the parcel. What happens to the cloud as the parcel is lowered? How does this affect the rate at which the air temperature in the parcel changes with decreasing altitude? Explain why.
|
Altitude |
Parcel Temperature |
Parcel Dew point Temperature |
|
4,000 m |
* (from part a) |
* (from part a) |
|
3,000 m |
|
|
|
2,000 m |
|
|
|
1,000 m |
|
|
|
0 m |
|
|
* to get started you need to copy the values you computed at 4000 m from the table in Part (a)
(c) Repeat part (b), but this time assume that any and all liquid or ice that condensed into a cloud as the parcel went up the mountain fell out of the parcel as precipitation. Fill out the same table as for part (b). Remember: this time there is no cloud inside the parcel as it is lowered down in the atmosphere.
|
Altitude |
Parcel Temperature |
Parcel Dew point Temperature |
|
4,000 m |
* (from part a) |
* (from part a) |
|
3,000 m |
|
|
|
2,000 m |
|
|
|
1,000 m |
|
|
|
0 m |
|
|
* to get started you need to copy the values you computed at 4000 m from the table in Part (a)
(d) Explain why the parcel in part (c) reaches arrives back at sea level (0 m) warmer than it was before it went up and over the mountain.
3. In class, we have been moving parcels of air upward from the ground surface to determine the altitude at which clouds will form. However, clouds can also form when air above the surface is forced upward. To answer these questions, you must use the skew-T diagram for Tucson for 00Z September 9, 2008 (available under the homework link on the class web page).
(a) Suppose the air at 850 mb is forced upward 1500 meters. Will clouds form? Explain why or why not. Hint: consider an air parcel with temperature and dew point temperature of the air at 850 mb. Then move the parcel upward by 1500 meters to determine whether or not a cloud would form in the parcel.
(b) Suppose the air at 700 mb is forced upward by 1500 meters. Will clouds form? Explain why or why not.
4. Answer the following questions or fill in tables for each part below. Create your own tables (using WORD perhaps) or re-write tables on your own paper. DO NOT print this page and squeeze answers into the tables below.
The lifted index (LI) is defined as the difference between the environmental air temperature at 500 mb (T500) and the air temperature inside an air parcel after it has been lifted from the surface up to 500 mb (TParcel). Meteorologists use the lifted index to access the stability of the atmosphere.
LI = T500 - TParcel
(a) Explain why the atmosphere is said to be stable when the lifted index is positive and unstable when the lifted index is negative.
(b) The following information is available for Asheville, NC (elevation ~500 m above sea level) at 8:00 AM. Fill in the table by lifting an air parcel from the surface up to 5500 m, where air pressure is 500 mb. At what altitude does a cloud start to form? What is the lifted index at 8:00 AM? Is the atmosphere unstable for parcels lifted to 500 mb?
|
Air Pressure |
Altitude (m) |
Atmospheric Temperature (°C) |
Parcel Temperature (°C) |
Parcel Dew Point (°C) |
|
500 mb |
5500 |
-20 (this is T500) |
(this will be TParcel) |
|
|
---------- |
4500 |
-13 |
|
|
|
---------- |
3500 |
-6 |
|
|
|
---------- |
2500 |
1 |
|
|
|
---------- |
1500 |
8 |
|
|
|
---------- |
500 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
(c) Later that day at 3:00 PM, the following conditions were measured in Asheville, NC. Fill in the table below by lifting an air parcel from the surface up to 5500 m, where air pressure is 500 mb. At what altitude does a cloud start to form? What is the lifted index at 3:00 PM? Is the atmosphere unstable for parcels lifted to 500 mb?
|
Air Pressure |
Altitude (m) |
Atmospheric Temperature (°C) |
Parcel Temperature (°C) |
Parcel Dew Point (°C) |
|
500 mb |
5500 |
-20 |
|
|
|
---------- |
4500 |
-13 |
|
|
|
---------- |
3500 |
-5 |
|
|
|
---------- |
2500 |
3 |
|
|
|
---------- |
1500 |
11 |
|
|
|
---------- |
500 |
20 |
20 |
0 |
(d) What change took place in the atmosphere between 8:00 AM and 3:00 PM that caused the stability of the atmosphere to change? Explain why this change tends to make the atmosphere more unstable.
5. Extra credit question. You are not required to answer this question. Nothing like this will appear on an exam. As mentioned in lecture, the method we use to keep track of what happens to a parcel of air as it moves upward is somewhat simplified. For instance, we assume that the dew point temperature inside a rising parcel remains constant (does not change) until condensation begins. In reality, the dew point temperature in a rising, unsaturated parcel actually decreases slightly as the parcel moves upward. Explain why this happens. One way to explain this is in terms of how the rates of condensation and evaporation change as the parcel rises, expands, and cools compared to how the rates of condensation and evaporation change in a parcel which is cooled at constant pressure (without expanding or contracting). The latter situation, cooling at constant pressure, follows the definition of the dew point temperature.