click here to download today's notes in more
printer friendly Microsoft WORD format
You might have heard the faint sound of
music today
before class started. That was Roger
Clyne and the Peacemakers,
a group that I read about in the Arizona Daily Star this past weekend.
The humidity optional assignment was collected today. You'll get
a
detailed set of answers to the questions on that assignment in class on
Wednesday.
The Experiment #3 reports are due next Monday. You should try to
collect
your data as soon as you can, return the materials this week, and pick
up the
supplementary information sheet.
There are 2 or 3 sets of Experiment #4 materials that can be checked
out.
Today's class will be devoted entirely to
identifying
and naming clouds.
The ten main cloud types are listed below (you'll find this list on p.
95 in
the photocopied class notes).
You should try to learn these 10 cloud names. Not just because
they might
be on a quiz (they will) but because you will be able to impress your
friends
with your knowledge. There is a smart and a not-so-smart way of
learning
these names. The not-so-smart way is to just memorize them.
You
will inevitably get them mixed up. A better way is to recognize
that all
the cloud names are made up of key words. The key words, we will
find,
tell you something about the cloud altitude and appearance.
Drawing a figure like this on a blank sheet of paper is a good way to
review
cloud identification and classification.
Each of the clouds above has a box reserved for it in the figure.
Clouds are classified according to the altitude at which they form and
the
appearance of the cloud. There are two key words for altitude and
two key
words for appearance.
Clouds are grouped into one of three altitude categories: high, middle
level,
and low.
Cirrus or cirro identifies a high altitude
cloud. There are three types of clouds found in the high altitude
category..
Alto in a cloud name means the cloud is found at middle altitude.
The
arrow connecting altostratus and nimbostratus indicates that they are
very
similar. When an altostratus cloud begins to produce rain or snow
its
name is changed to nimbostratus. A nimbostratus cloud is also
often somewhat
thicker and lower than an altostratus cloud.
It is very hard to just look up in the sky and determine a cloud's
altitude. You will need to look for other clues to distinquish
between high and middle altitude clouds. We'll learn about some
of the
clues when we look at cloud pictures later in the class.
There is no key word for low altitude clouds. Low altitude clouds
have
bases that form 2 km or less above the ground. The summit of
Now we will look at cloud appearance.
Clouds can have a patchy of puffy (or lumpy or wavy) appearance.
These
are cumuliform clouds and will have cumulo
or cumulus
in their name. In an unstable atmosphere cumuliform clouds will
grow vertically.
Stratiform clouds grow horizontally and
form
layers. They form when the atmosphere is stable.
The last key word, nimbo or nimbus, means
precipitation. Two of the 10 cloud types are able to produce
(significant
amounts of) precipitation.
Nimbostratus clouds tend to produce fairly light precipitation over a
large
area. Cumulonimbus clouds produce heavy showers over localized
areas. Thunderstorm clouds can also produce hail, lightning, and
tornadoes. Hail would never fall from a
Ns
cloud.
While you are still learning the cloud names you might put the correct
key
words together in the wrong order (stratonimbus
instead of nimbostratus or nimbocumulus
instead of
cumulonimbus). You won't be penalized for those kinds of errors
in this
class.
Here's
the cloud chart from earlier. We've added the three altitude
categories
along the vertical side of the figure and the two appearance categories
along
the top. By the end of the class we will add a picture to each of
the
boxes.
Next
we looked at 35 mm slides of most of the 10 cloud types. There
are also
some good photographs in Chapter 6 in the text. You'll find the
written
descriptions of the cloud types in the images below on pps
97-98 in the photocopied notes.
High altitude
clouds
are thin
because the air at high altitudes is very cold and cold air can't
contain much
moisture (the saturation mixing ratio for cold air is very
small). These
clouds are also often blown around by fast high altitude winds.
Filamentary means "stringy" or "streaky". If you
imagine trying to paint a Ci cloud you
would dip a
small pointed brush in white paint brush it quickly and lightly across
a blue
colored canvas.
A
cirrostratus cloud is a thin uniform white layer cloud (not purple as
shown in
the figure) covering part or all of the sky. They're so thin you
can
sometimes see blue sky through the cloud layer. Haloes are a
pretty sure
indication that a cirrostratus cloud is overhead. If you were
painting Cs
clouds you could dip a broad brush in white paint (diluted perhaps with
water)
and then paint back and forth across the canvas.
Haloes are
produced by
white light
entering a 6 sided ice crystal is bent (refraction). The amount
of
bending depends on the color (wavelength) of the light
(dispersion). The
white light is split into colors just as light passing through a glass
prism. This particular crystal is called a column and is fairly
long.
This is a flatter crystal and is called a plate. These crystals
tend to
all be horizontally oriented and produce sundogs. A sketch of a
sundog is
shown below.
Sundogs are
pretty
common and are
just patches of light seen to the right and left of the rising or
setting sun.
Cirrus and cirrostratus clouds are fairly common. Cirrocumulus
clouds are
a little more unusual.
To
paint a Cc cloud you would dip a sponge in white paint and press it
gently
against the canvas. You would leave a patchy, splotchy appearing
cloud
(sometimes you might see small ripples). It is the patchy (or
wavy)
appearance that makes it a cumuliform cloud.
If you spend enough time outside looking, you will see all of these
types of
clouds.
Though, it's like wild animals, some are much more common than others.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here are some animals that you are likely to see outdoors in the
Altocumulus
clouds are pretty common. Note since it is
hard to
accurately judge altitude, you must rely on cloud element size
(thumbnail size
in the case of Ac) to determine whether a cloud belongs in the high or
middle
altitude category. The cloud elements in Ac clouds appear
larger
than in Cc because the cloud is closer to the ground.
Altostratus
clouds are
thick
enough that you probably won't see a shadow if you look down at your
feet. The sun may or may not be visible through the cloud. When (if) an altostratus cloud begins to produce
precipitation, its
name is changed to nimbostratus.
This cloud name
is a
little
unusual because the two key words for cloud appearance have been
combined. Because they are closer to the ground, the separate
patches of
Sc are about fist size. The patches of Ac, remember, were about
thumb
nail size.
No pictures of
stratus
clouds were
shown in class.
Cumulus clouds
come
with different
degrees of vertical development. The fair weather cumulus clouds
don't
grow much vertically at all. A cumulus congestus
cloud is an intermediate stage between fair weather cumulus and a
thunderstorm.
There are lots of
distinctive
features on cumulonimbus clouds including the flat anvil top and the
lumpy mammatus clouds sometimes found on
the underside of the
anvil. Cold dense downdraft winds hit the ground below a
thunderstorm and
spread out horizontally underneath the cloud. The leading edge of
these
winds produces a gust front (dust front might be a little more
descriptive).
Winds at the ground below a thunderstorm can exceed 100 MPH, stronger
than many
tornadoes. The top of a thunderstorm is cold enough that it will
be
composed of just ice crystals. The bottom is composed of water
droplets. In the middle of the cloud both water droplets and ice
crystals
exist together at temperatures below freezing (the water droplets have
a hard
time freezing). Water and ice can also be found together in
nimbostratus
clouds. We will see that this mixed phase region of the cloud is
important
for precipitation formation. It is also where the electricity
that
produces lightning is generated.
Here's one final feature to look for at the bottom of a
thunderstorm.
Cold air spilling
out
of the base
of a thunderstorm is just beginning to move outward from the bottom
center of
Here's the completed cloud chart.