Quiz #2 Study Guide

Energy, temperature and heat (15 pts).  Kinetic energy - energy of motion.  Temperature (which scale?) provides a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a substance.  Heat energy is the total kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules in a material. Energy units: calories.  What is the relationship between energy added to (or removed from) an object, ΔE, and the temperature change, ΔT, that results?  Specific heat (aka thermal mass or thermal capacity). Water has a relatively high specific heat (4 or 5 times higher than soil).  A city on a coastline will have a more moderate climate (what does that mean?) than a city located further inland.  Other than a change in temperature what else can happen when energy is added to or removed from a material?

Temperature scales (15 pts).  Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin (absolute) scales. You should know the temperatures of the boiling point of water at sea level and the melting point of ice/freezing point of water on the F and C scales. The global average surface temperature of the earth is about what temperature on the Kelvin scale?

Energy transport (15 to 20 pts).
(1) Conduction. Energy is transported from hot to cold by random atomic or molecular motions at a rate that depends on the material (thermal conductivity) and the temperature gradient. Examples of good and poor conductors. An object with high thermal conductivity will often feel cold to the touch because it rapidly conducts energy away from your body (our perception of temperature is not a good measurement of temperature).

(2) Convection. Energy transport by organized motion of atoms or molecules (works in gases and liquids but not solids). Free (rising and sinking air) and forced convection. Free convection is a third way of causing rising air motions in the atmosphere.  Wind chill temperature.

Energy transport (20 pts).
(3) Latent heat energy transport.  2nd most important energy transport process.  Six phase change names. For each phase change you should know whether energy is added to a material (absorbed from or taken from the surroundings) or taken from the material (released into the surroundings).

Sample Questions
Quiz #1: 5, 12, EC3       Final Exam: 12, 43, 53       See also this new set of Sample Questions


Can you find the 4 energy transport processes in this figure?

 Static electricity and electric fields (5 pts).  Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. An electric field arrow shows the direction and strength of the force that would be exerted on a positive charge placed at that location.  Would the electric field at Point X below, halfway between a + and a - charge, point toward the right, the left, or would the electric field be zero?
+               X               -

Electromagnetic radiation (10 pts).  The most important of the 4 energy transport processes (why?). Oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can propagate (at the speed of light) through empty space (and also transparent materials like glass & air). Radiation can be produced by moving charges. You add energy to cause the charges to oscillate and produce the radiation. Energy reappears when the resulting radiation causes electrical charges somewhere else to move. Wavelength is one way of distinguishing between different types of radiation (frequency is another). Would a slowly-oscillating charge produce long- or short-wavelength radiation? Would this be a relatively high- or low-energy form of radiation? Electromagnetic spectrum. We will mostly be concerned with ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), infrared (IR) light. What is the wavelength interval for visible light? What is white light? Does red light have longer, shorter, or the same wavelength as blue light? Wavelength units.

Rules governing the emission of radiation (10 to 15 pts).  What determines how much and what type of radiation an object will emit (the same variable is found in both the Stefan-Boltzmann law and Wien's law)? A light bulb connected to a dimmer switch was used to demonstrate. Radiant energy emitted by the earth (300 K) and sun (6000 K).

Radiative equilibrium (5 to 10 pts).  Energy balance. Incoming radiant energy (sunlight) is balanced by an equal amount of (but not necessarily the same kind of) outgoing radiant energy, temperature remains constant.

What would the relationship be between A, E, and R when this planet is in radiative equilibrium

Filtering effect of the atmosphere (10 pts).  Does the atmosphere mostly absorb, selectively absorb, or mostly transmit UV, VIS, and IR radiation? What gases are important in each case? What does the term window mean? What property makes water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc. greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse effect (simplified view) (20 pts).  With an atmosphere (containing greenhouse gases), the temperature of the earth's surface is warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. H2O, CO2, and other greenhouse gases selectively absorb IR radiation. The atmosphere in turn radiates IR radiation into space and back toward the ground. How is it possible for the earth's surface to radiate away more energy than it receives from the sun and still be in energy balance?  What effects do clouds have on nighttime and daytime temperatures? Why?

Earth-atmosphere energy budget (15 to 20 pts).  Two relatively easy questions: (i) What percentage of the sunlight arriving at the top of the atmosphere reaches the ground and is absorbed? (ii) What happens to the remaining sunlight? These next questions are a little harder: (i) Why do lower parts of the atmosphere emit more energy downward toward the ground than upward into space?  (ii) How is it possible for the earth's surface to emit more radiant energy than it gets from the sun?  (iii) On average does the earth's surface get more radiant energy from the sun or from the atmosphere?  How could you explain that?

Sample Questions (from the online quiz packet)
Quiz #2: 2, 5, 7, 8, 12a,b,&c          Final Exam: 20       and see also this set of Sample Questions

Reviews
Mon., Mar. 10
 4:30 - 5:30 pm
 Haury (Anthropology) 129
Tue., Mar. 11
 4:00 - 5:00 pm Haury (Anthropology) 129

Caution: Be sure to put in some serious effort at understanding all of the material on this study guide if you are planning on coming to and remaining at one of this week's reviews.